6.5.2. Glossary (F–M)
Focus Areas — PMBOK® 8's 5 life-cycle-aligned groupings (Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, Closing) containing ~40 non-prescriptive processes.
Governance — the structure of rules, roles, reporting lines, and escalation paths that govern project decision-making.
Hybrid Approach — a development approach blending predictive and adaptive/agile elements based on project characteristics.
Impediment — something actively blocking progress right now, requiring immediate intervention (distinct from a risk or issue).
Issue — a risk that has materialized, or any problem that has already occurred, requiring active resolution.
Job Task Analysis (JTA) — PMI's research process for validating what practicing project managers actually do, underlying the ECO.
Knowledge Transfer — proactively identifying, gathering, and institutionalizing critical project knowledge to reduce single-person dependency risk.
Management Reserve — funds set aside for unknown, unforeseen risks; typically requires sponsor/governance approval to release.
Multiple-Response Question — a question format requiring more than one correct answer with no partial credit.
