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3.2.1. Common Networking Hardware Devices

šŸ’” First Principle: Each piece of networking hardware operates at a specific layer of the network model to perform a distinct function, from physical connection to intelligent routing.

Scenario: You are designing a network for a new office. You need a switch to connect all the local computers, a router to route traffic to the internet, and a wireless access point to provide Wi-Fi connectivity. You decide to use a PoE switch to power the ceiling-mounted APs.

These are the physical building blocks of a network.

  • Router: A Layer 3 device that connects different networks and makes decisions on where to forward traffic based on IP addresses. Your gateway to the internet.
  • Switch: A Layer 2 device that connects devices on the same local network. It forwards traffic to specific devices based on their MAC (Media Access Control) address.
  • Access Point (AP): A device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
  • Firewall: A security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules.
  • Modem (Cable/DSL): Modulates and demodulates signals to connect your network to your Internet Service Provider (ISP) over a cable or phone line.
  • Patch Panel: A panel of network ports that connects incoming and outgoing lines in a LAN. Used for organization in wiring closets.
  • PoE (Power over Ethernet): A technology that allows network cables to carry electrical power.
    • Use Case: Powering devices like VoIP phones, security cameras, and wireless access points where a power outlet is not available. Can be provided by a PoE switch or a PoE injector.

āš ļø Common Pitfall: Confusing a hub with a switch. A hub (an obsolete device) simply broadcasts all traffic to all ports, creating collisions and inefficiencies. A switch is intelligent and sends traffic only to the intended destination port.

Key Trade-Offs:
  • All-in-One SOHO Router vs. Separate Components: A consumer-grade SOHO router combines the functions of a router, switch, and access point. In a larger business, these functions are typically handled by separate, more powerful, dedicated devices.

Reflection Question: Why would you use a PoE switch to connect wireless access points that are being installed on the ceiling of an office?